The role of Mining in the sustainable development of the mining industry

Mining industry, including mining and mineral processing (including mineral enrichment) is an important industry, producing raw materials for other industries, playing a large role in economic development. , society, especially for developing countries like Vietnam. Mining industry development is inevitable in the process of industrialization and modernization of the country according to the goals set by the Party and Government for the present and the coming years, therefore, building orientations and solutions. Appropriateness to minimize negative impacts on the environment is the current, medium and long-term trend of the mining industry in general and Vietnam's mineral extraction industry in particular.

Sustainable development is a concept born in the 80s of the last century, there are many different interpretations, but the most common and most accepted interpretation is the one stated in the report. According to Brundtland of the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Rogers et al., 2008).

With this understanding, in the mining industry in general and the mining industry for mineral enrichment in particular, sustainable development means mining and processing minerals to meet the needs of current social development but must ensure that the living environment is not destroyed as well as resources to ensure the long-term development of mankind. This is really a challenge when minerals are a non-renewable natural resource, which will be depleted over time. Simultaneously, mining and processing minerals means destruction or negative impacts. to vegetation, animal habitat, change the topography, geological structure in the mine project area.

Mining and processing minerals to meet the needs of raw materials and fuels for industries for socio-economic development is an indispensable requirement of human society at the current level of science and technology, especially especially for developing countries like Vietnam. Therefore, the task is to find solutions to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, while exploiting minerals to serve the current socio-economic development needs while ensuring minimum limitations. the risks of pollution - environmental degradation as well as the most economical and efficient exploitation, processing, and use of mineral resources, taking into account the research and development of alternative raw materials and materials to minimize the amount of resource exploitation, for future generations.

II.1- General trend of the world

In accordance with the orientation of sustainable development, the task of the mining industry is not only how to exploit and process minerals to meet the needs of fuel and raw materials for other industries but also to make the mining industry become a become an integral part, playing an important role in a sustainable development economy.

At present, activities towards the sustainable development of the New Mining industry are usually limited to reducing energy use, limiting negative impacts on environmental components such as soil, water and air during operation and solutions to restore the environment after mining. The need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to management throughout the mining, product manufacturing and consumption processes has also been addressed in the World Mining industry's vision but remains implementation is still limited. The concept of sustainable development of the mining industry needs to be considered, evaluated and proposed overall solutions in the whole process, from mining, processing, use, and reuse of materials of mineral origin. products, rather than being concerned only with the problems of extraction and processing (Giurco et al., 2009).

Increasingly global climate change will also impact the Mining industry in terms of both the need to cut carbon emissions, the cut of fuel due to rising prices, and the perspective of scarcity. scarcity of water resources (Young & Sachs, 1994; von Hauff & Wilderer, 2008). Therefore, technologies to reduce the use of fuel, energy, reduce water use in the mineral extraction process, etc., although they have been paid attention as mentioned above, will also be focused and promoted. in the development trend of the mining industry in the coming periods. In addition, it is also necessary to develop technological solutions to reduce the amount of waste of the Mining industry to limit the risk of negative impacts on the landscape and environmental pollution.

The trend of reusing products and recycling raw materials in general and materials of mineral origin in particular is increasingly interested in most countries, especially developed countries. The reason is that due to the decline in raw materials, many types of mineral raw materials are gradually being exhausted, which will cause a shortage of raw materials for industries if new sources or alternative materials are not found (Gordon et al. ., 2006; Gordon & Tilton, 2008). Copper, for example, can become scarce and more expensive, but it can also become available if technology is developed that can be mined and processed in small quantities (low-quality ore) (Tilton & Lagos, 2007). The ratio of mineral/metallic materials in the Earth's crust, in use, and in waste is also considered an indicator of the scarcity of mineral resources (Gordon et al., 2006). . For minerals with high scarcity index, the trend of developing technology for recycling, reuse, or searching for alternative raw materials is an inevitable trend. For example, in Japan, people recycle many metals (such as copper, steel, and aluminum) that were first imported from other countries, but then collected, recycled, and reprocessed. used effectively (Department of Trade and Industry of UK, 2005).

The world is entering the era of Industry 4.0, this is a term to refer to the development of high-tech science such as internet of things, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, virtual reality interaction, social network, etc. cloud computing, mobile, big data analytics... to transform the entire real world into a digital world, computing the production process without human involvement. In this context, the mining industry still plays an important role in providing raw materials for the production of advanced materials, especially rare and high-value metals. , serving Industry 4.0.

However, as mentioned above, the scarcity of these raw materials, as well as the need for sustainable development "save resources for future generations", the economical use and reuse of these resources Mineral materials, precious metals are more and more appreciated. That trend has formed the concept of “circular economy” (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017) which is simulated in Figure 1 and has characteristics such as: Reducing the use of raw materials, reusing what is available can, recycle what cannot be reused, repair what fails, reproduce what cannot be repaired; The economy is diverse in terms of business types, business models and production systems; Use energy sparingly, develop renewable energy sources; The systems in the economy always affect and support each other, creating linkage relationships and thereby increasing the flexibility of the economy; Increasing the use of biological materials for the production of consumer goods to improve the ability to reuse products and recycled materials for the next production cycle